Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons found in solid, liquid, and gas forms. This valuable resource, primarily used in the energy sector, is formed through the combination of various hydrocarbons. The term “petroleum” comes from the Latin words “petro” (rock) and “oleum” (oil), and it is created through geological transformations that take millions of years. However, its extraction and processing involve complex and costly procedures.
Composition and Characteristics of Petroleum
The percentage distribution of elements in petroleum is as follows:
- Carbon: 84%
- Hydrogen: 12%
- Oxygen: 1%
- Sulfur: Very low amounts
Although sulfur is the least abundant element in petroleum, it plays a crucial role in classifying different types of petroleum. The lower the sulfur content, the easier the refining process can be.
Formation of Petroleum
The formation of petroleum is a lengthy process that spans millions of years. Organic matter, rich in oils and accumulated in marine beds and rocks, transforms over time into petroleum. Marine petroleum is generated from the fossilization of marine organisms like algae and zooplankton, which are subjected to intense heat and pressure beneath sedimentary rocks.
Historical Use
It is believed that petroleum was first used in its raw form in China in the 1st century BC. Even before this, the use of petroleum products dates back much further. For instance, the historian Herodotus noted that asphalt was used in the construction of Babylon.
Petroleum Extraction Process
Petroleum is extracted through a systematic plan and advanced technology. The process includes the following steps:
- Exploration: A detailed exploration process begins to identify petroleum reserves. Methods such as geophysical surveys, seismic and gravity studies are used to locate petroleum underground.
- Drilling: Once a petroleum reserve is identified, samples of liquid, gas, and sand are taken using a drilling rig. After drilling, the well is completed to enhance the flow of petroleum.
- Extraction: Pumps or pressurized gases are used to bring the petroleum to the surface.
Processing Petroleum
The petroleum extracted from the ground undergoes a costly processing procedure once transported to the refinery. The processing journey includes the following steps:
- Physical and Mechanical Processes: Distillation, heating, cooling, sedimentation, and pressure applications are performed.
- Chemical Processes: Cracking, reforming, isomerization, and other chemical treatments are carried out.
- Separation of Unwanted Substances: Unwanted materials are removed from intermediate and final products through various techniques.
Applications of Petroleum Products
Petroleum products serve as essential materials across numerous sectors, primarily in the energy sector. They can be classified by usage in the following sectors:
- Energy Sector: Gasoline, LPG, diesel, natural gas, jet fuel
- Construction: Asphalt, paint, adhesives
- Agriculture: Fertilizer and pesticide raw materials
- Chemicals: Plastics, rubber, pharmaceuticals, dyes
- Transport: Gasoline, jet fuel, diesel
- Cleaning: Ammonia, sterilization liquids
- Clothing and Textiles: Rubber, Gore-Tex, nylon
Today, petroleum is an indispensable resource in many areas of life. This natural treasure holds significant value for humanity.
